Jobs Article:Careers Advice for Public Relations

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If you are wondering how a Public Relations Manager, here are some tips and advice on training and started his career job in this area of marketing and public relations, and employment prospects in the UK.
WorkPublic relations (PR) officers to promote good relations between an organization and its customers, investors and the general public. His work focuses on creating and maintaining your organization's image and reputation.
You can work as public relations officer in a public utility in local relationships, or as an account executive at a public relations consultant, public relations services for a number of clients.
Typical responsibilities:
* Planning of PR campaigns and strategy* Control of public perception and the media client or organization* Writing and editing of brochures, pamphlets, press releases, speeches, newsletters and web sites* Organize events such as press releases, press conferences, exhibitions, open days and sponsorship* Develop a good working relationship with the media* Provide advertising and promotional films produced* Public speaking presentations, conferences, radio and television interviews* Represent the company or client events.* Public relations is also known as corporate communications, public affairs or media relations, so it can be known by several titles and functions.
Person SpecificationThe main character of public relations managers are:
* Excellent writing skills with the ability to articulate a clear and convincing* Confidence communication and presentation skills* Creativity and initiative* Good organizational, planning and time management* The ability to work well as part of a team and customer number* Flexibility and ability to multi-task* The ability to work under pressure and tight deadlines* Resistance to treat rejection and criticism of their ideas* Accuracy and attention to detail* Interest in media.
How to make a public relations managerThere are no set entry qualifications to become a public relations officer, but the band is a highly competitive industry to enter and many employers prefer to have a diploma.
You may have an advantage with a degree or postgraduate training in public relations. Other useful topics include:journalismadvertising or marketing and communicationsbusiness or managementpsychologyEnglishpolitics.
View the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) for a list of accredited degrees and postgraduate courses in Puerto Rico.
Want a career in public relations has not yet been studied, you may find it useful for the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) Advanced Certificate in Public Relations before looking for work.
You will improve your employment prospects by work experience (often unpaid) in the departments of public relations and consulting. You can also experience through activities such as volunteer work with charities or public relations fundraising, or with the participation of student newspapers and societies.
See CIPR and Public Relations Consultants Association websites for advice on finding work experience, and for some practices and the programs of graduate training.
You may be able to close a public relations agency as an administrator or assistant information officer, publicity and promotion of public relations to achieve. It could also enter a second career in PR as its previous experience in journalism, advertising, marketing, fundraising or sales.
Training and DevelopmentTheir training is often at work, possibly through a graduate program of structured training (one of the largest consulting firms, employers).
It can be a benefit to the Chartered Institute of Public Relations to join and work on their professional qualifications are:CIPR Advanced Certificate in Public Relations - suitable for anyone with a maximum of two years experience in a minor role of public relationsCIPR Diploma in Public Relations - a more advanced course for anyone with a PR or graduate degree related to the company and at least one year of experience in public relations or a degree in a subject, plus at least two years experience in public relations.CIPR, visit the Web site for more details about your qualifications, membership and training.
You can also choose to study for Communication Advertising and Marketing Education Foundation (CAM), Diploma in Marketing Communications.
Pay (a rough guide)Starting salaries are usually around £ 15,000 to £ 20,000 per yearWith the experience that can reach between € 20.000 and £ 40.000Account Managers and the Head of Corporate Affairs can earn up to 80,000 pounds and 100,000 pounds per year.
Job prospectsYou could work for a public relations agency and consultancy or home in all types of trading companies, financial authorities, retailers, central and local charities. PR is a growth industry, but competition for jobs is strong.
Jobs are advertised in local newspapers and national magazines, such as PR Week, Press Gazette profile, the website of the CIPR and specialist recruitment agencies. However, not all jobs are advertised, so you could also approach agencies directly, or find work through networking and making contacts in the industry.

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Career Article : Career Advice for Travel Agent

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If you are wondering how to become a travel agent, here are some tips and advice on training and started his career in this area of the hospitality industry and tourism, and job employment prospects in the UK.
WorkTravel agents, often referred to as travel agency sales consultants, clients on business trips and leisure to advise, and holidays to sell. They can work in a travel agency high street or in a call center.
Typical responsibilities:
help customers find a suitable tour package or independent travel, itineraries and accommodation planchecking the availability of holidays chosen by phone or computermaking reservations via computerdeposit taking and filling forms bookscontact customers when their tickets, and collecting late paymentsinform customers of any changes, such as flight cancellations, and alternative arrangements.You should also advise customers about passports, travel insurance, visas, vaccinations and additional excursions. You can make refunds or handle complaints, referring serious problems to a manager or tour operator.
Person SpecificationThe most important personal qualities of a good travel agencies include:
the ability to cope with the pressure at peakgood organizational skillsexcellent telephone manner and strong communication skillssales skills, both face to face and telephoneIT Skillsinterest in travel and geography knowledgethe ability to work well as part of a team.
Making a travel agent thatNormally no special requirements are needed, but can be useful if GCSE (AC) in subjects like math, English and Geography. The most important thing is that entrepreneurs who are enthusiastic and have the right personal qualities and skills to the work program. Can be an advantage if you have experience in customer service or sales. You can also find it helps if you are able to speak other languages.
The most common way to enter this race is to find a career job in a travel agency and train on the track. However, it would be a full-time college course before looking for work. This is not essential, but could give an advantage. Relevant courses include:
BTEC first Diploma in Travel and TourismBTEC National Diploma in Travel and TourismBTEC HNC / HND in Travel and Tourism Managementdegrees in travel and tourism.You may be able to enter this work through an apprenticeship. The range of apprenticeships available in your area will depend on the local labor market and the types of skills needed by employers for their workers.
Training and DevelopmentUsually start as travel consultant practice and receive jobs training from your employer. It is likely that this begins with a brief introductory course. Then you can send in more specialist training and educational visits. You can also use the following ratings:
City & Guilds Certificate in Tourism (Travel) levels 2 and 3 (with the support of the Association of British Travel Agents)Level 1 and 2 of airfare tickets and qualifications recognized by the International Air Transport Association (IATA)City & Guilds Certificate in Business Travel in the introduction, the level of consulting, monitoring and management.You can also gain qualifications such as NVQ in customer service or administration.
Once they have been working travel agents for two years, you could recognize their ongoing professional development proposed by the application of Accredited Travel Plan (ATPS) to connect.
Pay (a rough guide)Starting salaries can be around £ 10,000 per year.Experienced sales consultants earn between € 12,000 and £ 18,000 per year.The salaries of senior staff can be £ 30,000 or more.Travel agencies selling consultants often receive a commission based on meeting performance targets. They can also receive discounts on vacation.
Job prospectsCould their employability with branches in the UK. These range from small agencies, independent agencies to large with many branches.

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Employment Article:Tourist Guide Careers Advices

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If you are wondering how to become a guide, here are some tips and advice on training and started his career in the field of tourism and travel industries, as well as employment prospects in the UK.

Work

Tour guides show visitors around the sites, giving a detailed description of the area and its attractions. Tours can focus on the towns and cities, historic buildings, gardens, religious sites, museums and galleries. Tour guides escort groups around a site, and provide information on aspects such as history, purpose and architecture.

As a guide, can be based on location (for example, a castle or historic house) or the direction of day trips to interesting places or sites, including:

Sightseeing

tours for specific interest groups

theme walks.

It could also function as a "driver", where small groups of tourists on guided tours to places of interest in a car or minibus.

Person Specification

The most important personal qualities of a good travel guide or travel are:

interest in working with people of all ages and backgrounds

confidence to speak before groups of people

excellent communication skills and a clear voice

the ability to present information in an interesting way, although repeat visits several times a day

a good memory for facts, figures and facts

an interest in art, history and related subjects such as architecture.

How to create a guidebook for

You do not have a set of skills to train as a tourist guide, but it would be a good level of general education requirements.

It would be an advantage if you have job experience in dealing with different people in different situations, and make presentations. It would also be useful if you can show interest in the arts, history and related subjects such as architecture. It would be helpful if you speak a foreign language fluently, but this is usually not essential when applying for work.

You can take the courses and exams, which are accredited by the Institute of Tourist Guiding. Depending on the type of tour guide you want to do, you can work on titles such as:

Level 2: Fixed Route Comments, interpretation and presentation - paid or volunteers, guide visitors through attractions such as galleries, cathedrals and stately homes, or fixed-route trips, such as boat trips and bus tours open top

Level 3: Green Plate - Route Comment flexible, Heritage Interpretation and Presentation - to work as a guide in areas such as urban and town centers or tourist attractions, historic buildings, heritage

Level 4: Blue Badge Tourist Guide - for all aspects of training.

In some places, such as Westminster Abbey and York Minster, Blue Badge guides are the only guide (other than staff of the house).

The courses are run by local organizations and regional tourism, or for universities and other institutions. Visit the website of the Institute of Tourist Guiding (More Info) for details of local courses accredited. See the Guild of Registered Tourist Guides web page for more information on the regional tourist offices.

Most courses are about 20 weeks, although some may be two years. They are part time, evening lectures and training on the weekend. Blue Badge offers courses in London once a year, but in other areas that are only made when there is a demand for guides.

If you are in a place where the leaders of the house are used can be trained by the site owner.

Training and Development

If a qualified guide must await the development of their skills by participating in training programs organized by professional organizations as the College of Registered Tourist Guides (more information).

As a member of the Institute of Tourist Guiding programs will be able to continuing professional development (CPD) to close. See the Institute website (more information) for details.

You may want to work for NVQ level 2 and 3 in Travel and Tourism.

Pay (a rough guide)

Repayment rates depends on the employer and location. Most tour guides on their own or a fee.

Job prospects

Many self-employed tour guides, working for tour operators and coach companies. employers' organizations from others like the National Trust and English Heritage and owners of tourist attractions and historic buildings.

In some jobs that only works during the summer or part-time work as a guide on the side of another race.

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Career Article : Chef Careers Advice

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If you are wondering how to cook or chef, here are some tips and advice on training and start your career in this field of hotel, catering and travel industry, and employment job prospects in the UK.
WorkThe cooks are responsible for preparing food using a variety of cooking techniques. In large kitchens, which normally functions as part of a team responsible for a particular area, such as bread and cakes, or vegetables. The chef, who may also be known as the chef or the maitre kitchen, is responsible for running the entire kitchen.
Typical responsibilities:
planning menusdealing with suppliersbudget managementpersonal organizationmonitoring and maintenance of the quality of food in the kitchen producesmake sure the kitchen works within the relevant health hygiene and safety guidelines.Usually started as a trainee chef (or cook 'commissions' chief'), time spent in each area of the kitchen, getting a wide range of culinary skills and techniques, and learn to care for kitchen equipment and tools.
With experience, you can move to section head (or "chef de partie") and the direction of running a kitchen area. The next step was sous-chef (or under-cooking), which would use the experience he had acquired in each section of the kitchen and implementation of all the kitchen, chef's name when needed.
In smaller kitchens, could also be responsible for cleaning the kitchen and customer service.
Person SpecificationThe most important personal qualities of the good chefs are:
a great interest in eating and cookingthe ability to works under pressurehigh standards of cleanliness and hygienethe ability to handle multiple tasksthe ability to work as part of a teamcreativity and imagination to the presentation of foodgood organizational skillscommunication and leadership skillsthe ability to manage a budget.
How to make a cookYou may not need formal academic training to begin work as apprentices (Commission), chef de cuisine. However, some employers prefer a general quality of education, possibly including some GCSEs (AE) in English and mathematics.
There are courses you can do to help you prepare for work as a cook, including:
GCSE in catering and cateringProfessional Cookery Diploma Level 2 (awarded by City and Guilds and ASET)BTEC National Certificate or Diploma in Hospitality or Hospitality SupervisionBTEC HND in Professional CookeryFoundation degree in Culinary Arts Management.Contact colleges or universities in the course entry requirements.
Some courses include a lot of hands-on cooking experience, which may allow you to launch your career in the kitchen to a higher level (instead of working his way up from commis chef or chef junior).
You may be able to enter this work through an apprenticeship. The range of apprenticeships available in your area will depend on the local labor market and the types of skills needed by employers for their workers.
Training and DevelopmentAs a chef cook student can work on NVQ qualifications, with topics including:
Hospitality Level 1Food Processing and Cooking Level 2Professional kitchen, levels 2 and 3Hospitality Supervision, Level 3.You can develop more advanced skills and help his career studying part-time scores as a foundation degree, BTEC CCC or degree in professional cooking, culinary arts management or hospitality management.
Pay (a rough guide)A student (Commission) chef can earn between € 11,500 and € 15,000 per year.The section chiefs (chefs de partie) can earn approximately £ 17,000.A second head chef (sous-chef can earn up to £ 25.000.Cooks (chefs) can earn around £ 30,000.A chef to cook at an upscale hotel can earn between € 40,000 and € 50,000.
Job prospectsThere are about 250 thousand chefs and cooks in the United Kingdom. People First (Sector Skills Council for hospitality, leisure, travel and tourism) report, there is a huge shortage of qualified chefs.
You could find work in the UK in all fields of industry, including hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes, as well as health education, and the military. Many restaurants in the United Kingdom conducted its own or in partnership, and many are owned and operated by chefs.
With the qualifications and work experience, can become a chef. Opportunities for promotion will be higher in large kitchens. You can go into management or take a train and the restoration or the professional kitchen to learn. You can also opt to have their own contract catering.

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article: Restaurant Manager Career Advice

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If you are wondering how a restaurant manager should be, here are some tips and advice on training and start your career in this field of hotel, catering and travel industry, and employment prospects in the United Kingdom.
Work
Restaurant and catering service managers are responsible for ensuring that customers are satisfied with the quality of the food and service in restaurants.
As a restaurant manager, you can work in hotels, small independent restaurant or part of a large chain and fast food establishments. Your role would include a front of the house, welcoming restaurant customers and show them to your table.
As catering manager to work in larger restoration activities such as dining rooms for business or factory, hospitals or schools. Do you have less contact with customers of a restaurant manager and spend more time behind the scenes.
Typical responsibilities:
planning menus
advertising vacancies and recruiting staff
ensure that all staff fully trained
keep employees motivated at the highest level of service delivery
organizing shifts and shifts
manage inventory and budgets
act in accordance with strict hygiene, health and safety standards.
Its goal would be the highest standards of customer service and food quality to achieve.
Person Specification
The most important personal qualities of managers of good restaurants include:
tact and diplomacy
the ability to motivate and manage staff
Strong customer service skills
strong communication skills
the ability to remain calm in a crisis
a well organized and planned approach.
How can a manager of a catering
You can start as a trainee manager, for example, a small independent restaurant, if you have a good overall quality of education, including GCSE (AC) in English and mathematics, or a BTEC National Certificate in Hospitality,
It is also possible that your way of working in a restaurant or catering after starting the administrator of a waiter or waitress, cook, assistant service counter or kitchen helper. In these jobs can be an NVQ in Hospitality, Hospitality experts Services Food and Beverage and out - these qualifications, combined with his experience, you can prepare for a leadership position.
Many hotel chains management program management practices that can result in the restaurant or catering management. fast food chains, restaurants and large catering companies probably a similar system to implement.
To obtain a management trainee program, which often need a degree from a foundation degree BTEC HNC / HND or degree, although some employers will take on with a level or a BTEC national award. Topics such as hospitality management business, culinary arts management, and hotels and restaurants would be particularly useful. Contact colleges and universities for the contact details of the course.
Training and Development
Once you work as an apprentice director or manager, usually receive training on the job. You can support this program, working on a degree from a Level 3 NVQ in Hospitality Supervision.
If you have graduated with a degree not related to the hospitality, conversion training year BA (Hons) in management of services. With a degree in a relevant subject, you can advance your career through a postgraduate diploma or Masters in Hotel Management.
A restaurant, you are encouraged to apply for a personal license to sell alcohol. In England and Wales, restaurants that serve alcohol are required by law (since 2005) have a business license and a stand named individual (usually the administrator). To request a personal license, must meet four criteria. You should:
at least 18 years
in the last five years, have lost a personal
an accredited licensing qualification (or a person "in the description noted)
not have been convicted of relevant or foreign material.
Three accredited certification bodies provide Level 2 National Certificate Personal Licence Holders qualification, the British Institute of Innkeeping Awarding Body (BIIAB), objective and GQAL).
Pay (a rough guide)
Starting salaries for trainee restaurants or catering managers can be between £ 16,000 and £ 20,000 per year.
With experience, this can lead to about 30,000 pounds.
Job prospects
Many of the restaurants in the UK are owner operated or managed by the owner, in collaboration with a manager. With the support and financial experience, you can configure and run their own restaurant.
As the manager of the restoration, which had vacancies in business, industry, education, health and the military. With the experience they could launch their own contract catering.

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Career Articles :Hotel Manager Career Advice

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If you are wondering how to become a hotel manager, below are tips and advice on training for and beginning careers in this area of the catering, hospitality and travel industry, as well as job ( career ) prospects in the UK.

The Job Description
Hotel managers oversee all aspects of running a hotel, from housekeeping and general maintenance to budget management and marketing.

Large hotels may have managers who are responsible for each department and report to the general manager. In smaller hotels, the manager is more involved in the day-to-day running of the hotel, often dealing directly with guests.

Typical responsibilities:

setting annual budgets
analysing financial information and statistics
setting business targets and marketing strategies
managing staff
organising building maintenance
making sure security is effective
dealing with customer complaints and comments
making sure the hotel follows regulations such as licensing laws
securing corporate bookings for entertainment and conference facilities.

Person Specification
The key personal attributes of good hotel managers include:

business skills
the ability to manage staff
good written and spoken communication skills
tact and diplomacy
the ability to keep calm under pressure and solve problems quickly
energy and enthusiasm
good organisational skills.

How to become a hotel manager
To train as a hotel manager, you need to work your way up to management level from a more junior position or enter management after completing a degree, postgraduate qualification, or BTEC HNC/HND in a relevant subject.

Suitable degree and HNC/HND subjects include:

Hospitality Management
International Hospitality Management
Hotel and Hospitality Management
Hospitality and Licensed Retail Management.
You can also do foundation degrees in relevant subjects, such as Hospitality Business Management. These are vocational courses that are usually studied over two years. You can study part-time whilst in relevant employment or full-time with work placements.

For information about foundation degrees see Foundation Degree Forward. To search for colleges and universities offering foundation degrees, HNDs and degrees see Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS).

If you have a degree you may be able to join a management training scheme for graduates. These are run by some hotel chains, and involve taking on high levels of responsibility from the start.

You may be able to get into this job through an Apprenticeship scheme. The range of Apprenticeships available in your area will depend on the local jobs market and the types of skills employers need from their workers.

Training and Development
Once you are working as a hotel manager, you would usually train on the job, getting experience in all aspects of the hotel.

You may be able to start at a lower level, such as administrator or department manager, and work towards qualifications including:

NVQ Level 2 in Multi-Skilled Hospitality Services
NVQ Level 3 in Hospitality Supervision.
The Insitute of Hospitality awards the following qualifications for managers:

Level 2 Business Skills Certificate for Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism
Level 3 Certificate in Management for Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism
Level 4 Diploma in Management for Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism.

The Pay (a rough guide)
Trainee and assistant hotel managers earn around £15,000 a year.
Managers of small hotels or deputy managers can earn from £18,000 to £25,000.
A senior or general manager can earn up to £55,000 or more.

Job Prospects
You could work as a hotel manager in hotels all over the UK. With some large hotel chains you could also have the opportunity to work abroad. If you start as a trainee with a hotel chain you will need to be prepared to travel around the country.

Your prospects for progression will depend on the size of the hotel and your experience. You can improve your chances of progression if you are willing to move around the country. As an experienced manager you could open your own hotel.

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Career Article:Cabin Crew Career Advice

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If you are wondering how to become air cabin crew, below are tips and advice on training for and beginning careers in this area of the catering, hospitality and travel industry, as well as jobs prospects in the UK.

The Job Description
As a member of an air cabin crew, also known as flight attendant, you would be responsible for making sure air passengers have a comfortable, safe and pleasant flight.

Typical responsibilities:

Before a flight you would:

attend a briefing on the flight and schedule
find out if any passengers have special requirements
check the aircraft to make sure it is clean and tidy
make sure that there are enough supplies and that emergency equipment is in place and in working order
greet passengers and direct them to their seats
make sure luggage is safely stowed away
demonstrate emergency equipment and procedures, making sure passengers listen to the safety demonstration.

During a flight you would:

help passengers, including giving first aid when necessary
make announcements for the pilot
serve food and drinks sell duty-free goods
reassure passengers if there is an emergency, such as a cabin fire, and make sure that they follow safety procedures.

At the end of a flight you would:

circulate and collect customs and immigration documents
make sure passengers leave the plane safely
fill in a written flight report recording any unusual incidents
take records of food and drink orders and duty-free sales.
You would typically work as part of a larger on board team, which would be different on each flight.

Person Specification
The key personal attributes of flight attendants include:

be tactful but assertive, with the ability to deal with difficult situations politely but firmly
have a clear speaking voice
enjoy team work
be calm under pressure and in emergencies
be confident, friendly and good with people
be sensitive and reassuring towards people who are anxious or upset
be able to work quickly and efficiently
be confident with money, including foreign currency.

How to become a flight attendant
You will need a good standard of education, many airlines ask for four or five GCSEs (grades A to C)/S grades (1 to 3), or the equivalent, including maths and English. Entry requirements vary, so you should check with the airline.

You should also:
be physically fit, with normal colour vision and good eyesight
be able to swim at least 25 metres
be smart and well-groomed
not have tattoos or body piercings that can be seen
hold a valid passport which allows you to travel anywhere in the world.
You should speak English well. Some airlines want staff who can speak more than one language. Previous experience in customer service is also desirable, and nursing, or hotel and catering experience may be particularly useful.

You must be over 18 to work as a member of an air cabin crew (some airlines set the minimum entry age at 21). The upper age limit varies between airlines, but with many companies you will have to retire at 50 or 55. Height and weight requirements also vary between airlines, so you should check with them.

There are several nationally-recognised qualifications which can help you develop the skills you need to work as a member of an air cabin crew. These are:
EMTA Awards Ltd (EAL) NVQ Level 2 & 3 in Aviation Operations in the Air - Cabin Crew
City and Guilds NVQ Level 2 in Aviation Operations in the Air - Cabin Crew
Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Certificate in Preparation for Air Cabin Crew Service
EMTA Awards Ltd (EAL) Intermediate Level 2 Certificate in Air Cabin Crewing
NCFE Level 2 Certificate in Airline Cabin Crew.

Training and Development
Airlines provide their own training programme for new entrants. This usually lasts for four to six weeks and covers:

security
safety and emergency procedures
first aid
customs and immigration regulations
customer relations and passenger care
currency exchange
galley management
food preparation and service
personal grooming.
After basic training most airlines have a probationary period of three to six months, during which performance is monitored by trainers or senior crew. You will have to pass regular examinations to test your knowledge of safety and emergency procedures, and to make sure you meet official first aid requirements.

The Pay (a rough guide)
As a new recruit you will earn about £12,000 a year.
When you have more experience you could earn £14,000 to £18,000 a year.
Salaries for senior crew can be up to £22,000 a year.
You may also get a flying allowance which can be up to £4,500 a year when you first start work.

Job Prospects
There is a lot of competition for places with airlines. You will usually have to live near the airport where you are based. You could be based overseas as international cabin crew with a British airline. 

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Career articles: Oceanography Career Advice

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If you are wondering how to become an oceanographer, below are tips and advice on training for and beginning careers ( job) in this area of the environmental sciences, as well as job prospects in the UK.
The Job ( career )Description
Oceanographers use their knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics and geology to study the seas and oceans. Examples of their work include conducting research into the effects of climate change, and exploring the impact of pollution and offshore engineering on marine ecosystems.
As an oceanographer, you could specialise in one of four areas:
marine biology – studying marine plants and animals
marine chemistry – anaylysing the chemical composition of seawater and the behaviour of pollutants
marine geology – studying the structure and make-up of the ocean floor
marine physics – as a marine physicist you would study water temperature and density, wave motion, tides and currents.
You would use a variety of techniques to collect data, including:
remote sensors on satellites
instruments on towed or self-powered submersibles
apparatus on moored or drifting buoys
probes lowered into the sea
drills to explore the seabed and acoustics.
Your work would vary depending on the area you specialise in, but will often include:
research and writing reports
presenting and publishing your findings
working with computer modellers to produce graphical simulations of your research
managing a project
leading a team of technical support staff.
Person Specification
The key personal attributes of good oceanographers include:
strong mathematical and scientific skills
good powers of observation
practical skills
good research and problem solving skills
a flexible approach to work
accuracy and attention to detail
good physical health and fitness for research work
the ability to work alone and as part of a team
excellent spoken and written communication skills.
How to become an oceanographer
To become an oceanographer you need a degree in a science-based subject (such as maths, physics or chemistry). As an alternative, you could do a joint honours degree, studying oceanography with either maths, physics or chemistry. Many employers also prefer you to have a relevant postgraduate qualification. For example, a good preparation for work in marine physics would be a physics degree followed by an MSc in Oceanography.
Many degree courses in this area include fieldwork and take around four years to complete. At postgraduate-level, there are taught Masters degrees, research degrees and PhD programmes. The Society for Underwater Technology (SUT) has details of relevant courses and possible funding options; see Further Information.
To get onto a relevant science-based degree you will usually need:
five or more GCSEs (A-C) including English, maths and three science subjects
two or three A levels, including maths, physics and one other science or computing
However, please check with course providers because alternative qualifications may also be accepted.
Training and Development
As an oceanographer you will usually receive on-the-job training from your employer, which will often be combined with short courses, self-managed learning, seminars and conferences.
To help keep you up-to-date, the SUT has details of courses including a Continuing Professional Development programme offered by a group of universities known as MTEC (Marine Technology Education Consortium).
The Pay (a rough guide)
Starting salaries can be between £19,000 and £22,000 a year
With experience this can rise to around £36,000.
Job Prospects
In the UK, many jobs in oceanography are created and funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. You will find jobs (careers )opportunities with organisations, such as the National Oceanography Centre (Southampton), Sea Mammal Research Institute and the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
You could also work within teaching and research at a university, with the Royal Navy, the Ministry of Defence (MoD), the Environment Agency, and the Department for Environments, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).

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Career Article :Graduate Entry Router for Environment jobs

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The range of careers means that there isn’t a typical entry route into the environmental sector. If you want to work in the environmental aspects of another field, find out about the best entry routes from the relevant sector pages. As with any job, look out for adverts – check out magazines concerned with the environment, the national and regional press, and take a look at online environmental jobs sites. If there are specific organisations that you’d like to work for, it’s well worth making speculative applications. Volunteering can be a way to get your foot in the door – if you demonstrate your excellence as a volunteer, you might be offered a paid position when one becomes available. You might even be able to create a position at the organisation through the government’s New Deal job creation scheme. 

How competitive is it?

The heightened awareness of environmental issues means that there are an increasing number of jobs in the sectors. It also means that more people are studying environmental subjects, creating more competition for graduate positions. The sector employs 1.5 million people, and more than 25,000 new employees will be needed in the next five years, according to Lantra, the Sector Skills Council for the Environmental and Land-based Sector. It’s important to recognise that you don’t have to work in the environmental sector – you will be able to practise and promote sustainable development in practically any careers. 

How can I stand out from the crowd?

There are lots of ways that you can make yourself attractive to potential employers:

• Student memberships of relevant societies will not only increase your knowledge of the sector and show your commitment, but also give you opportunities to network and make useful contacts.
• Keeping track of developments in your field and staying informed of issues again shows your commitment and interest.
• Volunteering is a great opportunity to gain some experience, which all employers love to see.
• If your chosen career requires certain skills, take courses to ensure you have the right ones. IT skills are essential in almost all fields so make sure yours are up to scratch. It’s worth the investment if it helps you get a jobs!

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Insurance Underwriter Career, Job and Training Information.Parts 2

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The work of underwriters has also been greatly affected by the Internet. The computer systems of many insurance carriers are now linked to various databases across the Internet allowing immediate access to information. Such information may include driving records which are necessary to determining a prospective client’s risk. Easy access to information reduces the amount of time and paperwork it would otherwise take for an underwriter to complete a risk assessment.
Most underwriters specialize in one of three major categories of insurance-life, health, or property and casualty. Insurance underwriters specializing in either life or heath may go on to further specialize in group or individual policies.

Underwriters specializing in Property and Casualty usually localize their specialization into either personal or commercial insurance, and then further by the type of risk insured; such as homeowners, automobile, fire, liability, workers’ compensation or marine. In some instances casualty companies provide insurance through a single “package” policy which covers a wide range of risk types. In situations such as this the underwriter must be familiar with different lines of insurance. For example, in business insurance cases the underwriter must often be able to evaluate the firm’s entire operation when appraising its application for insurance.

Group contacts are making up an increasing proportion of insurance sales, particularly in life and health insurance. A standard group policy insures everyone in a specified group through a single contract at a standard premium rate. It is the responsibility of the group underwriter to analyze the overall composition of the group assuring that the total risk is not excessive. Another type of group policy provides members of a group with individual policies reflecting their needs. Such policies are often given to labor unions. Often these are casualty policies, like those covering vehicles. In this case, the casualty underwriter evaluates the application of each group member and makes individual appraisals. Some group underwriters may also meet with union or employer representatives in order to discuss the types of policies that are available to their particular group.

Insurance Underwriter Training and Job Qualifications

Most large companies prefer to hire college graduates who have a degree in finance or business administration even for entry- level underwriting positions. However, a bachelor’s degree in almost any field along with courses in accounting and business law provides a good general background and may be sufficient to meet qualification requirements. Because computers are an essential part of most underwriters’ jobs, computer skills are crucial.

Once hired, new employees usually start out as underwriter trainees or assistant underwriters. Under the supervision of an experienced risk analyst they may help collect information on applicants and evaluate routine applications. Trainees working in property and casualty areas study claims files in order to become more familiar with various aspects associated with specific types of losses. New employees hired by many larger insurers may be offered a work-study program. Work-study programs can last anywhere from a few months to a whole year. As time goes on and more experience is gained, trainees are given more and more responsibilities and are assigned policy applications that are more complex and cover greater risks. Computers are used for more efficient analysis and processing of more complex applications.

For people who enjoy analyzing information and paying close attention to detail, underwriting can be a satisfying career. It is important for underwriters to demonstrate good judgment in order to make reliable and sound decisions. Because much of the underwriter’s work involves dealing with agents and other insurance professionals, excellent communication and interpersonal skills are also essential. Underwriters hoping for advancement must remember that continuing education is vital. Often insurance companies will pay tuition for underwriting courses successfully completed by their trainees. Some may even offer salary incentives.

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Insurance Underwriter Career, Job and Training Information.Parts 1

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The following are a few Insurance Underwriter career and job highlights:

• The need for underwriters will always exist as long as insurance is considered a necessity for people and businesses.
• College graduates who have a degree in finance or business administration with courses in accounting are more likely to find opportunities for employment with large insurance companies. However, a bachelor’s degree in any field along with courses in accounting and business law may be adequate in order to meet qualification requirements.

Insurance Underwriter Career and Job Description

By assuming billions of dollars in risks each year, insurance companies protect individuals and organizations from significant financial loss. Underwriters are needed to identify and calculate a policyholder’s risk of loss. They also work to establish appropriate premium rates, and to write policies that cover these risks. Great trust is placed in underwriters as an insurance company may have to pay excessive claims if the underwriter is too liberal, or may loose customers to competitors if the underwriter is too stingy.

Aided by computers, underwriters analyze information in insurance applications in order to determine if a risk will not result in a loss and is therefore acceptable. Applications are often supplemented with reports from, medical reports, loss-control consultants, actuarial studies, and data vendors. After an adequate amount of information has been reviewed the underwriter must then decide whether to issue the policy and what appropriate premium to charge. Underwriters serve as the main link between the insurance carrier and the insurance agent in making this determination. On occasion, they may also accompany sales agents to make presentations to prospective clients.

Technology is very important to an underwriter’s job. Computer applications called “smart systems” are used by underwriters to efficiently and accurately manage risks. These systems automatically analyze and rate insurance applications, recommend acceptance or denial of the risk, and adjust the premium rate in accordance with the risk. With the help of these systems, underwriters are better equipped to make sound decisions and avoid excessive losses.

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Purchasing Manager Career Information and Job Description.Parts 4

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Purchasing Manager Job and Employment Opportunities

Through the year 2012, overall employment of purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents is predicted to grow slower than the average. Increases in the services sector should offset some of the waning need for purchasing workers in the manufacturing sector. Purchases in the services sector have traditionally been made on an ad hoc basis, but firms are starting to realize the improved efficiency of centralized purchasing offices. As software continues to improve, demand for purchasing workers will continue to be limited. Such software has significantly reduced the paperwork needed to order and procure supplies; increased credit card transactions, thereby letting employees purchase supplies without using the services of the procurement or purchasing office; and allowed a growing number of purchases to be made electronically. Even with slower-than-average growth, some job openings will come from the need to fill positions left by workers who change occupations, retire, or leave the labor force for some other reason.

Expected changes in employment vary considerably by specialty. Through 2012, employment of purchasing managers is forecasted to grow more slowly than the average. Electronic commerce via the Internet has made information easier to get hold of and thereby increased purchasing managers’ productivity. The Internet has leveled the playing field in some ways, permitting both large and small firms to bid for contracts. Because of changes in the nature of contracts (specifically, exclusive supply contracts and long-term contracting), companies interact with fewer suppliers less often.

Employment of wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products, is also forecasted to grow at slower-than-average rates. Mergers and acquisitions in the retail industry have brought about the consolidation of most buying departments. Furthermore, larger retail stores are eliminating regional buying departments and relocating them at their headquarters.

Conversely, employment of purchasing agents through 2012 (except wholesale, retail, and farm products), is projected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations. Purchases of complex equipment, which are difficult both to automate and to transact electronically, should not be significantly affected by the increasing use of electronic transactions. Employment of purchasing agents and buyers for farm products also is forecasted to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations because the ease of making purchases electronically is restricted by the need to evaluate the quality and freshness of farm products.

The best prospects for being hired as a buyer in wholesale or retail trade or within government should be enjoyed by candidates with a bachelor’s degree in business. Those interested in working for a manufacturing or industrial company will benefit from having a bachelor’s degree and industry experience and knowledge of a technical field. A master’s degree in business or public administration is usually required for top-level purchasing positions in larger companies or in government agencies.

Historical Earnings Information

In 2002, purchasing managers reported median annual earnings of $59,890. The range of annual earnings for the middle 50 percent was from $43,670 to $81,950. The earnings of the lowest 10 percent were under $32,330, while the earnings of the highest 10 percent exceeded $108,140 a year.

In 2002, purchasing agents and buyers, except in farm products, reported median annual earnings of $40,900. The range of annual earnings for the middle 50 percent was from $31,390 to $55,440. The earnings of the lowest 10 percent were under $23,850, while the earnings of the highest 10 percent exceeded $76,740 a year.

In 2002, wholesale and retail buyers, except in farm products, reported median annual earnings of $40,780. The range of annual earnings for the middle 50 percent was from $30,040 to $55,670. The earnings of the lowest 10 percent were under $23,270, while the earnings of the highest 10 percent exceeded $76,070 a year.

Successful purchasing managers, agents and buyers may make substantially more than the figures presented above.

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Purchasing Manager Career Information and Job Description.Parts 3

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Computerized systems allow purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents (and in turn the companies that employ them) to operate much more efficiently. With these systems, acquisition functions are dramatically simplified and sales patterns can be identified much more effectively. For example, through point-of-sale terminals (cash registers monitored by computers), organizations can instantly access current sales and inventory figures, which they can then use to produce accurate sales reports. Being able to quickly ascertain customers’ buying habits enables buyers and supply managers to maximize profits. Computer systems give buyers instant access to the specifications for thousands of commodities, inventory records, and their customers’ purchase records. Such information allows them to make more efficient purchases: they can avoid overpaying or ending up with shortages of popular goods and surpluses of less popular goods. Firms use electronic purchasing systems, the Internet, or Extranets to stay connected with manufacturers and wholesalers. Through these systems, buyers can better evaluate how they can select goods and suppliers, and can select, customize, and order products faster.

Purchasing Manager Training and Job Qualifications

Potential managers and specialists often start as trainees, purchasing clerks, expediters, junior buyers, or assistant buyers. Retail and wholesale firms like candidates to have a college degree and to be familiar with the goods they sell and with the nature of the wholesale and retail industries. In some retail firms, qualified employees are promoted to assistant buyer positions; in others, college graduates are recruited and trained. Most firms combine both techniques.

Formal training requirements generally depend on how large an organization is. Large stores and distributors, particularly those in wholesaling and retailing, like candidates to have a bachelor’s degree that emphasized business. Manufacturing firms tend to value formal education; they generally prefer bachelor’s or master’s degrees in business, economics, engineering, or an applied science. Many upper positions for purchasing managers essentially require a master’s degree.

Even with the best degree, new employees still need to learn the ins and outs of their employers’ business. Policies vary, but most training periods last 1 to 5 years. Most wholesale and retail firms start their trainees off in merchandise sales, supervision of sales people, and monitoring shipping and stock. Retail trainees gain more buying-related responsibilities as they gain experience.

Many manufacturing firms enroll their new purchasing workers in company training programs. These employees spend a substantial amount of time working with experienced purchasers to learn the details of their firm’s practices (for example, about commodities, prices, suppliers, and markets). They may also spend time working in the production planning department to gain insight into the inventory and material requirements systems the company uses to efficiently operate its production and replenishment functions.

Computer skills are important for purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents. They must be proficient in word processing and spreadsheet programs, as well as in the use of the Internet. They should also know how to analyze technical data in suppliers’ proposals; be good communicators and negotiators; have solid mathematical skills; understand supply-chain management; and be able to carry out financial analyses.

Potential wholesale and retail buyers should be interested in merchandising and need to be effective planners and decision makers. They should be willing take risks and able to make fast decisions. They need resourcefulness, good judgment, and self-confidence to anticipate consumer preferences and to ensure that merchandise is in stock when it is needed. Candidates should know how to market products and identify items that will sell well. Employers also expect their buyers to have leadership potential because buyers constantly supervise assistant buyers and interact with manufacturers’ representatives and store executives.

Advancement for veteran buyers can come by becoming a merchandise manager or by transferring to a department that deals in larger quantities. Others move to a manufacturer or wholesaler to work in sales. Before promotion to a position as purchasing manager, supply manager, or director of materials management, experienced purchasing agents and buyers often work as assistant purchasing managers over a group of purchasing specialists. Responsibilities of top supervisors coincide with other management functions—logistics, marketing, planning, production, etc.

Continuing education is necessary for advancement in all industries. Professional certification is increasingly valued, particularly for those new to the field. Seminars offered by professional societies are popular among purchasers, as are college courses in supply management.

Private industry has several standard indicators of experience and professional competence: the Institute for Supply Management confers the designations of Accredited Purchasing Practitioner (APP) and Certified Purchasing Manager (CPM); and the American Purchasing Society confers the designations of Certified Purchasing Professional (CPP) and Certified Professional Purchasing Manager (CPPM). In Federal, State, and local government, the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing confers the marks of professional competence: Certified Professional Public Buyer (CPPB) and Certified Public Purchasing Officer, (CPPO). Most of these certifications require work-related experience, a certain level of education, successful completion of some type of exam.

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Purchasing Manager Career Information and Job Description.Parts 2

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Wholesale and retail establishments employ purchasing specialists who buy finished goods for resale. These specialists, commonly referred to as buyers or merchandise managers, play a crucial role in a complex distribution and merchandising system that serves a wide range of consumer wants and needs. Wholesale buyers purchase merchandise from other wholesale firms or directly from manufacturers and resale it to retailers, commercial establishments, and other organizations. Buyers employed by retail firms purchase merchandise from wholesale firms or directly from manufacturers for resale to the public. Because buyers are largely responsible for determining which products their establishment will sell, they must know what will attract consumers. It is crucial for them to keep current with the latest trends—not doing so could endanger profits and their company’s reputation. Buyers monitor competitors’ sales activities by following advertisements, and they anticipate consumer buying patterns by monitoring general economic conditions. Buyers employed by large and medium-sized firms usually only focus on acquiring a single line or a few lines of merchandise; in small stores, buyers might purchase the entire inventory.
Retail buyers have seen their responsibilities increase with the advent of private-label merchandise and the consolidation of buying departments.

Private-label merchandise, created for a specific retailer, obliges buyers and vendors to work closely together to produce the desired product. The demands placed on buyers have further increased because of the downsizing and consolidation of buying departments: the amount of work stays the same, but it must be done by fewer employees. Consequently, everyone’s workload and level of responsibility increases.

Many merchandise managers help develop and implement sales promotion programs. They consult with merchandise executives to establish the sale’s character, purchasing items accordingly. Merchandise managers and advertising personnel sometimes collaborate to generate ad campaigns, deciding details like which media to advertise in and how long to run the advertisements. Merchandise managers also pay frequent visits to the selling floor to make sure that products are displayed appropriately. It often falls to assistant buyers to place orders and check shipments.

The work of purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents continues to be influenced by computers. These machines can efficiently take care of much routine work (such as storing past bids and offers, tracking supplier performance, and issuing purchase orders), thereby freeing purchasing workers to focus on the analytical and qualitative side of their job. These workers also use computers to find current listings of products and prices, to track orders and inventory levels, and to help them make purchases.

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Purchasing Manager Career Information and Job Description.Parts 1

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Purchasing Manager and Purchasing Agent Career and Job Highlights

• Nearly half (42%) work in wholesale trade or manufacturing organizations.
• Some work their way up to these positions; others are recruited as college graduates. Regardless of academic training, new employees need 1 to 5 years to become intricately acquainted with their employer’s business.
• Overall employment is forecasted to be slower than the average, but the expected change in employment varies significantly by occupational specialty.
• Those with a college degree should enjoy the best opportunities.

Purchasing Manager, Agent, and Buyer Career Overview and Job Description

Companies hire purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents to find the best merchandise at the lowest possible purchase cost. Purchasers typically buy goods and services for their company or organization to use, while buyers ordinarily buy items in order to resale them for profit. Purchasers and buyers find the best goods or services, choose suppliers, negotiate prices, and grant contracts that ensure that the right amount of the product or service is received when it is needed. Purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents take several steps to reach these goals: they research sales records and inventory levels of current stock, find foreign and domestic suppliers, and stay current on any changes in either the supply of or demand for needed products and materials.

Finding good suppliers is crucial to the work of purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents, who evaluate suppliers on multiple criteria (price, quality, service support, availability, reliability, selection, etc.). Purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents study catalogs, industry and company publications, directories, and trade journals, often on the Internet. Reputation and history of a supplier is important, and future purchase actions may be advertised in order to solicit bids.

These workers use meetings, trade shows, conferences, and suppliers’ plants and distribution centers to inspect products and services, assess a supplier’s production and distribution capabilities, and discuss other relevant considerations. Once they have completed their research, suppliers who meet the purchaser’s needs will receive orders and contracts (which often last several years and may stipulate a narrow range of prices to allow purchasers to reorder as needed). Purchasing managers, buyers, and purchasing agents’ further responsibilities vary according to employer and type of goods or services with which they deal.

In government agencies and manufacturing firms, purchasing specialists typically are dubbed contract specialists; buyers or industrial buyers; or purchasing directors, managers, or agents. These specialists acquire various elements necessary for production: materials, parts, machines, supplies, services, etc. They can obtain anything from raw materials, machinery, and construction services to fabricated parts, office supplies and airline tickets. If the right materials, equipment, or supplies are out of stock when needed, work and production can be slowed or even halted. Effective purchasing specialists need to be deeply familiar with the technical aspects of the goods or services they purchase. Some purchasing managers, known as contract or supply managers, concentrate on negotiating and supervising supply contracts.

In large industrial companies, buyers and purchasing agents are often seen as having a different role from purchasing managers. Buyers and purchasing agents tend to concentrate on standard purchasing tasks; they frequently have a particular area of specialization, such as in a commodity like steel, lumber, cotton, grains, fabricated metals, or petroleum products. Purchasing agents follow market conditions, price trends, or futures markets in order to conduct the more complicated or crucial acquisitions. They also may oversee a team of purchasing agents who deal in other commodities and services. In choosing between the titles of purchasing manager, buyer, or purchasing agent, specific job duties matter less than the particular industry and employer.

The traditional roles of purchasing or supply management specialists in many industries have changed because of evolving business practices. Throughout product development, for instance, manufacturing companies increasingly rely on these specialists to forecast the cost, availability, and suitability of parts and materials. Moreover, conferring with the purchasing department during the early stages of product design can help prevent problems with the supply of materials.

Integrated supply contracts, which involve all members of the supply chain (including suppliers, transporters, and retailers), can also be useful for businesses. Because the nature of these broader and longer lasting agreements affects the buying firm’s performance, companies must be especially careful in selecting a supplier. Purchasers are generally responsible for working out any potential problems with a supplier.

Many firms utilize a strategy known as team buying, where purchasing specialists coordinate with other employees in their own organization when negotiating purchases. For example, before making a purchase, they might consult with company design engineers about the design of custom-made products, seek advice from quality assurance engineers and production supervisors concerning the quality of purchased goods, or tell managers in the receiving department about any shipment problems.

Contract specialists and managers work throughout the government, where their role is to award and oversee various types of contracts, such as providing public services, completing construction projects, and providing office and building supplies. They might, for instance, review a contract for landscaping services of a government-owned property to ensure that all provisions of the contract are being performed. While they do award contracts from sealed bids, they generally negotiate contracts for complex matters. Purchasing specialists in government often use the Internet to post solicitations for services and to accept bids and offers. Strict laws and regulations for government purchasing agents and managers are set up to ensure that they avoid even the appearance of impropriety. Agents and contract specialists must stay current on any changes to these legal requirements.

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